CONCLUSION
In summary, coagulation disorders are common in leukemia. Thrombosis is as common as in solid malignancies. It is difficult to predict which patients will have bleeding and/or thrombosis. We need better predictors and coagulation tests to identify such patients. More research with prospective randomized control studies is needed on the role of novel oral anticoagulants, anticoagulant choice, dosing, and duration in hematologic malignancies.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the assistance of Dr Pankaj Malhotra, Dr Parathan Karunakaran, and Dr Ram Nampoothiri in providing the data related to the clinical vignettes and institutional data on coagulation disorders in leukemia patients.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Deepesh Lad, Arihant Jain, Subhash Varma
Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
References
1. Horsted F, West J, Grainge MJ. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(7):e1001275.
2. Lyman GH, Bohlke K, Khorana AA, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update 2014. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(6):654–656.
3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease: version 1. 2016. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/vte.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2017.
4. Athale UH, Chan AK. Thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia – part I: epidemiology of thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thromb Res. 2003;111(3):125–131.
5. Grace RF, Dahlberg SE, Neuberg D, et al. The frequency and management of asparaginase-related thrombosis in paediatric and adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute consortium protocols. Br J Haematol. 2011;152(4):452–459.
6. Athale UH, Chan AK. Hemorrhagic complications in pediatric hematologic malignancies. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2007;33(4):408–415.
7. Athale UH, Chan AK. Thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia – part II: pathogenesis of thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia – effects of the disease and therapy. Thromb Res. 2003;111(4–5):199–212.
8. Alessio MG, Falanga A, Consonni R, et al. Cancer procoagulant in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur J Haematol. 1990;45(2):78–81.
9. Gordon SG, Franks JJ, Lewis B. Cancer procoagulant A: a factor X activating procoagulant from malignant tissue. Thromb Res. 1975;6(2):127–137.
10. Dixit A, Chatterjee T, Mishra P, et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute leukemia at presentation and during induction therapy. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2007;13(3):292–298.
11. Zakarija A, Kwaan HC. Adverse effects on hemostatic function of drugs used in hematologic malignancies. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2007;33(4):355–364.
12. Duval M, Suciu S, Ferster A, et al. Comparison of Escherichia coli-asparaginase with Erwinia-asparaginase in the treatment of childhood lymphoid malignancies: results of a randomized European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer – Children’s Leukemia Group phase 3 trial. Blood. 2002;99(8):2734–2739.
13. Isacson S. Effect of prednisolone on the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Scand J Haematol. 1970;7(3):212–216.
14. Nowak-Göttl U, Ahlke E, Fleischhack G, et al. Thromboembolic events in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BFM protocols): prednisone versus dexamethasone administration. Blood. 2003;101(7):2529–2533.
15. Male C, Chait P, Andrew M, Hanna K, Julian J, Mitchell L. Central venous line-related thrombosis in children: association with central venous line location and insertion technique. Blood. 2003;101(11):4273–4278.
16. Athale UH, Chan AK. Thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia – part III: pathogenesis of thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia – effects of host environment. Thromb Res. 2003;111(6):321–327.
17. Barbui T, Finazzi G, Grassi A, Marchioli R. Thrombosis in cancer patients treated with hematopoietic growth factors: a meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 1996;75(2):368–371.
18. Giordano P, Del Vecchio GC, Santoro N, et al. Thrombin generation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: effect of leukemia immunophenotypic subgroups. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2000;17(8):667–672.
19. Mitchell LG, Andrew M, Hanna K, et al. A prospective cohort study determining the prevalence of thrombotic events in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a central venous line who are treated with l-asparaginase: results of the Prophylactic Antithrombin Replacement in Kids with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated with Asparaginase (PARKAA) study. Cancer. 2003;97(2):508–516.
20. Lauw MN, van der Holt B, Middeldorp S, Meijers JC, Cornelissen JJ, Biemond BJ. Venous thromboembolism in adults treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: effect of fresh frozen plasma supplementation. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109(4):633–642.
21. Sibai H, Seki JT, Wang TQ, et al. Venous thromboembolism prevention during asparaginase-based therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Oncol. 2016;23(4):e355–e361.
22. Hunault-Berger M, Chevallier P, Delain M, et al. Changes in antithrombin and fibrinogen levels during induction chemotherapy with l-asparaginase in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma: use of supportive coagulation therapy and clinical outcome – the CAPELAL study. Haematologica. 2008;93(10):1488–1494.
23. Silverman LB, Gelber RD, Dalton VK, et al. Improved outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Dana-Farber consortium protocol 91–01. Blood. 2001;97(5):1211–1218.
24. Ott N, Ramsay NK, Priest JR, et al. Sequelae of thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications following L-asparaginase therapy for childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1988;10(3):191–195.
25. Stock W, Douer D, DeAngelo DJ, et al. Prevention and management of asparaginase/pegasparaginase-associated toxicities in adults and older adolescents: recommendations of an expert panel. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52(12):2237–2253.
26. Schiffer CA, Anderson KC, Bennett CL, et al. Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(5):1519–1538.
27. Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Falanga A, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline: recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(34):5490–5505.
28. Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed – American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S–e494S.
29. Estcourt LJ, Stanworth SJ, Doree C, Hopewell S, Trivella M, Murphy MF. Comparison of different platelet count thresholds to guide administration of prophylactic platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with haematological disorders after myelosuppressive chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD010983.
30. Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(2):146–153.
31. Carrier M, Khorana AA, Zwicker J, Noble S, Lee AY. Management of challenging cases of patients with cancer-associated thrombosis including recurrent thrombosis and bleeding: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(9):1760–1765.
32. Easaw JC, Shea-Budgell MA, Wu CM, et al. Canadian consensus recommendations on the management of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: part 2 – treatment. Curr Oncol. 2015;22(2):144–155.
33. Mantha S, Miao Y, Wills J, Parameswaran R, Soff GA. Enoxaparin dose reduction for thrombocytopenia in patients with cancer: a quality assessment study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2017;43(4):514–518.
34. Varma S, Yanamandra U, Khadwal A, et al. High risk APML treated successfully with four cycles of ATO and ATRA combination in resource constrained settings. Blood. 2015;126(23):3322.
35. Kalk E, Goede A, Rose P. Acute arterial thrombosis in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Clin Lab Haematol. 2003;25(4):267–270.
36. Yanada M, Matsushita T, Suzuki M, et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute leukemia: clinical and laboratory features at presentation. Eur J Haematol. 2006;77(4):282–287.
37. Uchiumi H, Matsushima T, Yamane A, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Int J Hematol. 2007;86(2):137–142.
38. De Stefano V, Sorà F, Rossi E, et al. The risk of thrombosis in patients with acute leukemia: occurrence of thrombosis at diagnosis and during treatment. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(9):1985–1992.
39. Vu K, Luong NV, Hubbard J, et al. A retrospective study of venous thromboembolism in acute leukemia patients treated at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Cancer Med. 2015;4(1):27–35.
40. Rashidi A, Silverberg ML, Conkling PR, Fisher SI. Thrombosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thromb Res. 2013;131(4):281–289.
41. Tallman MS, Abutalib SA, Altman JK. The double hazard of thrombophilia and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2007;33(4):330–338.
42. Breccia M, Avvisati G, Latagliata R, et al. Occurrence of thrombotic events in acute promyelocytic leukemia correlates with consistent immunophenotypic and molecular features. Leukemia. 2007;21(1):79–83.
43. Zuckerman T, Ganzel C, Tallman MS, Rowe JM. How I treat hematologic emergencies in adults with acute leukemia. Blood. 2012;120(10):1993–2002.
44. Falanga A, Alessio MG, Donati MB, Barbui T. A new procoagulant in acute leukemia. Blood. 1988;71(4):870–875.
45. Nawroth PP, Handley DA, Esmon CT, Stern DM. Interleukin 1 induces endothelial cell procoagulant while suppressing cell-surface anticoagulant activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83(10):3460–3464.
46. Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Fiers W, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83(12):4533–4537.
47. Greeno EW, Bach RR, Moldow CF. Apoptosis is associated with increased cell surface tissue factor procoagulant activity. Lab Invest. 1996;75(2):281–289.
48. Kwaan HC, Rego EM. Role of microparticles in the hemostatic dysfunction in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010;36(8):917–924.
49. Bennett B, Booth NA, Croll A, Dawson AA. The bleeding disorder in acute promyelocytic leukaemia: fibrinolysis due to u-PA rather than defibrination. Br J Haematol. 1989;71(4):511–517.
50. Sakata Y, Murakami T, Noro A, Mori K, Matsuda M. The specific activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in disseminated intravascular coagulation with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 1991;77(9):1949–1957.
51. Menell JS, Cesarman GM, Jacovina AT, McLaughlin MA, Lev EA, Hajjar KA. Annexin II and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(13):994–1004.
52. Kwaan HC, Wang J, Weiss I. Expression of receptors for plasminogen activators on endothelial cell surface depends on their origin. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2(2):306–312.
53. Lavallée VP, Marquis M, Bordeleau ME, et al. Transcriptional landscape of APL identifies aberrant podoplanin expression as a defining feature and missing link for the bleeding disorder of this disease. Blood. 2016;128(22):1075.
54. Oudijk EJ, Nieuwenhuis HK, Bos R, Fijnheer R. Elastase mediated fibrinolysis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thromb Haemost. 2000;83(6):906–908.
55. Franchini M, Di Minno MN, Coppola A. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in hematologic malignancies. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010;36(4):388–403.
56. Runde V, Aul C, Heyll A, Schneider W. All-trans retinoic acid: not only a differentiating agent, but also an inducer of thromboembolic events in patients with M3 leukemia. Blood. 1992;79(2):534–535.
57. Cao M, Li T, He Z, et al. Promyelocytic extracellular chromatin exacerbates coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2017;129(13):1855–1864.
58. Barbui T, Falanga A. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute leukemia. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2001;27(6):593–604.
59. Libourel EJ, Klerk CP, van Norden Y, et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation at diagnosis is a strong predictor for thrombosis in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2016;128(14):1854–1861.
60. Mantha S, Goldman DA, Devlin SM, et al. Determinants of fatal bleeding during induction therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia in the ATRA era. Blood. 2017;129(13):1763–1767.
61. Platzbecker U, Avvisati G, Cicconi L, et al. Improved outcomes with retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide compared with retinoic acid and chemotherapy in non-high-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia: final results of the randomized Italian-German APL0406 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(6):605–612.
62. Sanz MA, Grimwade D, Tallman MS, et al. Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2009;113(9):1875–1891.
63. Hashimoto S, Koike T, Tatewaki W, et al. Fatal thromboembolism in acute promyelocytic leukemia during all-trans retinoic acid therapy combined with antifibrinolytic therapy for prophylaxis of hemorrhage. Leukemia. 1994;8(7):1113–1115.
64. Desborough M, Hadjinicolaou AV, Chaimani A, et al. Alternative agents to prophylactic platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with thrombocytopenia due to chronic bone marrow failure: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:CD012055.
65. Estcourt LJ, Desborough M, Brunskill SJ, et al. Antifibrinolytics (lysine analogues) for the prevention of bleeding in people with haematological disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD009733.
66. Martí-Carvajal AJ, Anand V, Solà I. Treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD008562.
67. Oberoi S, Lehrnbecher T, Phillips B, et al. Leukapheresis and low-dose chemotherapy do not reduce early mortality in acute myeloid leukemia hyperleukocytosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leuk Res. 2014;38(4):460–468.
68. Van de Louw A. Effect of leukapheresis on blood coagulation in patients with hyperleukocytic acute myeloid leukemia. Transfus Apher Sci. 2017;56(2):214–219.
69. Thachil J, Falanga A, Levi M, Liebman H, Di Nisio M. Management of cancer-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(4):671–675.
70. Casini A, Fontana P, Lecompte TP. Thrombotic complications of myeloproliferative neoplasms: risk assessment and risk-guided management. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(7):1215–1227.
71. Smalberg JH, Arends LR, Valla DC, Kiladjian JJ, Janssen HL, Leebeek FW. Myeloproliferative neoplasms in Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Blood. 2012;120(25):4921–4928.
72. Haguet H, Douxfils J, Mullier F, Chatelain C, Graux C, Dogné JM. Risk of arterial and venous occlusive events in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with new generation BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017;16(1):5–12.
73. De Stefano V, Za T, Rossi E, et al. Recurrent thrombosis in patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: incidence, risk factors, and effect of treatments. Haematologica. 2008;93(3):372–380.
74. Quintás-Cardama A, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, et al. Bleeding diathesis in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia receiving dasatinib therapy. Cancer. 2009;115(11):2482–2490.
75. Varma S, Sharma A, Malhotra P, Kumari S, Jain S, Varma N. Thrombotic complications of polycythemia vera. Hematology. 2008;13(6):319–323.
76. Jensen MK, Brown PN, Lund BV, Nielsen OJ, Hasselbalch HC. Increased platelet activation and abnormal membrane glycoprotein content and redistribution in myeloproliferative disorders. Br J Haematol. 2000;110(1):116–124.
77. Falanga A, Marchetti M, Evangelista V, et al. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and hemostasis in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. Blood. 2000;96(13):4261–4266.
78. Falanga A, Marchetti M, Vignoli A, Balducci D, Barbui T. Leukocyte-platelet interaction in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. Exp Hematol. 2005;33(5):523–530.
79. Wautier MP, El Nemer W, Gane P, et al. Increased adhesion to endothelial cells of erythrocytes from patients with polycythemia vera is mediated by laminin α5 chain and Lu/BCAM. Blood. 2007;110(3):894–901.
80. Duchemin J, Ugo V, Ianotto JC, Lecucq L, Mercier B, Abgrall JF. Increased circulating procoagulant activity and thrombin generation in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Thromb Res. 2010;126(3):238–242.
81. Barbui T, Carobbio A, Finazzi G, et al. Inflammation and thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera: different role of C-reactive protein and pentraxin 3. Haematologica. 2011;96(2):315–318.
82. Jha PK, Vijay A, Sahu A, Ashraf MZ. Comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis and integrated bioinformatic approaches reveal shared signatures between thrombosis and myeloproliferative disorders. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37099.
83. Budde U, van Genderen PJ. Acquired von Willebrand disease in patients with high platelet counts. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1997;23(5):425–431.
84. Budde U, Dent JA, Berkowitz SD, Ruggeri ZM, Zimmerman TS. Subunit composition of plasma von Willebrand factor in patients with the myeloproliferative syndrome. Blood. 1986;68(6):1213–1217.
85. Moore SF, Hunter RW, Harper MT, et al. Dysfunction of the PI3 kinase/Rap1/integrin αIIbβ3 pathway underlies ex vivo platelet hypoactivity in essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2013;121(7):1209–1219.
86. Appelmann I, Kreher S, Parmentier S, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of bleeding episodes in Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms: recommendations by the Hemostasis Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) and the Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research (GTH). Ann Hematol. 2016;95(5):707–718.
87. Tiede A, Priesack J, Werwitzke S, et al. Diagnostic workup of patients with acquired von Willebrand syndrome: a retrospective single-centre cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(4):569–576.
88. Tefferi A, Barbui T. Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(1):94–108.
89. Marchioli R, Finazzi G, Specchia G, et al. Cardiovascular events and intensity of treatment in polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(1):22–33.
90. Barbui T, Barosi G, Birgegard G, et al. Philadelphia-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms: critical concepts and management recommendations from European LeukemiaNet. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(6):761–770.
91. Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, et al. Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(1):33–45.
92. Alvarez-Larrán A, Pérez-Encinas M, Ferrer-Marín F, et al. Risk of thrombosis according to need of phlebotomies in patients with polycythemia vera treated with hydroxyurea. Haematologica. 2017;102(1):103–109.
93. Maugeri N, Giordano G, Petrilli MP, et al. Inhibition of tissue factor expression by hydroxyurea in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with myeloproliferative disorders: a new effect for an old drug? J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(12):2593–2598.
94. Verstovsek S, Mesa RA, Gotlib J, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(9):799–807.
95. Samuelson BT, Vesely SK, Chai-Adisaksopha C, Scott BL, Crowther M, Garcia D. The impact of ruxolitinib on thrombosis in patients with polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis: a meta-analysis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2016;27(6):648–652.
96. Kreher S, Ochsenreither S, Trappe RU, et al. Prophylaxis and management of venous thromboembolism in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms: consensus statement of the Haemostasis Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO), the Austrian Society of Hematology and Oncology (ÖGHO) and Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research (GTH e.V.). Ann Hematol. 2014;93(12):1953–1963.
97. Barbui T, De Stefano V. Management of venous thromboembolism in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Curr Opin Hematol. 2017;24(2):108–114.
98. Carrier M, Cameron C, Delluc A, Castellucci L, Khorana AA, Lee AY. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant therapy for the treatment of acute cancer-associated thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2014;134(6):1214–1219.
99. Young A, Phillips J, Hancocks H, et al. Anticoagulation therapy in selected cancer patients at risk of recurrence of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res. 2016;140 Suppl 1:S172–S173.
100. Lexicomp: drug interactions. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/drug-interactions/?source=responsive_home#di-analyze. Accessed September 10, 2017.
101. Gifkins DM, Matcho A, Yang, H, Xu Y, Gooden MA, Wildgust M. Incidence of major hemorrhage among CLL and MCL patients compared to the general elderly population: an analysis of the US SEER-Medicare linked database. Blood. 2015;126(23):3268.
102. Mahipal A, Bilgrami S. Acquired hemophilia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007;48(5):1026–1028.
103. Byrd JC, Furman RR, Coutre SE, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(1):32–42.
104. Byrd JC, Brown JR, O’Brien S, et al. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):213–223.
105. Whittle AM, Allsup DJ, Bailey JR. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Leuk Res. 2011;35(3):419–421.
106. Simkovič M, Vodárek P, Motyčková M, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Thromb Res. 2015;136(6):1082–1086.
107. Lipsky AH, Farooqui MZ, Tian X, et al. Incidence and risk factors of bleeding-related adverse events in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with ibrutinib. Haematologica. 2015;100(12):1571–1578.
108. Imbruvica (ibrutinib) [package insert]. Horsham (PA): Janssen Biotech; 2017.
109. BC Cancer Agency. BCCA protocol summary for treatment of previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma with chromosome 17 p deletion using ibrutinib. 2017. Available from: http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/chemotherapy-protocols-site/Documents/Lymphoma-Myeloma/ULYFIBRU_Protocol.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2017.
110. Leong DP, Caron F, Hillis C, et al. The risk of atrial fibrillation with ibrutinib use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2016;128(1):138–140.
111. Chai KL, Rowan G, Seymour JF, Burbury K, Carney D, Tam CS. Practical recommendations for the choice of anticoagulants in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation on ibrutinib. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017;58(12):2811–2814.
112. Jones JA, Hillmen P, Coutre S, et al. Use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with single-agent ibrutinib. Br J Haematol. 2017;178(2):286–291.
Source: Blood and Lymphatic Cancer: Targets and Therapy.
Originally published September 18, 2017.